This week in parenting 20/11/14

Pregnancy
Insufficient vitamin D intake in the third trimester of pregnancy and early life has been found to be associated with increased risk of skull deformity in infancy.

Maternal occupational exposure to pesticides in early pregnancy has been found to be associated with changes in the brain of children and decreased language and motor speed in girls.


Babies

Newborn infants have been found to respond to maternal breast odours at a hormonal level.

Mothers who are unsatisfied with the duration that they breastfed for were found to be more likely to cite insufficient breast milk as the reason for stopping breastfeeding.


Teenagers
Mothers who have greater attachment-avoidance have been found to have harsher responses to hypothetical teenagers emotional reactions.

Parents ability to contribute to the health and wellbeing of their teenage daughter appeared to depend on the ability to communicate and willingness to alter their parenting role in order to be sensitive to her life.

Teenagers who had more frequent recognition from parents were found to percieve more risk in binge drinking.


Parents
A study has found that higher belief in your ability as a parent at 3 months post birth predicted less anxiety up until 12 months post birth, the formation of these beliefs however was hampered by depression or anxiety traits.

A study has found that certain genes impact on parenting behavior, particularly in combination with environmental factors such as child negativity or parental stress.

Children of mothers with postnatal depression have been found to be more likely to be insecurely attached, have externalising behavior problems and poor cognitive development, all related to particular parenting difficulties that depressed mothers have.

Parenting
A study has found that parent's supportive responses to a child's distress predicted the child's level of empathy between the age of 8 -10 years.

Children with more difficult temperaments have been found to be more susceptible to the effects of mother's parenting on their ability to develop impulse control.


Parental sensitivity has been found to be significant in determining inhibitory control and attention in preschool boys but not in girls.

Mothers, but not fathers, spanking at age 1, 3 and 5 was found to predict future child agression.

Health
Children of authoritative parents have been found to have less dental caries than children of authoritarian or permissive parents.

The incidence of vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency was found to be low in preschool Australian children.
A child who shows both internalizing (anxiety/depression) and externalising (acting out) behaviors has been found to be most likely to have persistant problems throughout childhood and should relieve intervention.

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